Hirschis Social Control Theory Essays

Hirschis Social Control Theory Essays Hirschis Social Control Theory Paper Hirschis Social Control Theory Paper In fact, a study done by the Social Science Research Council found a large proportion (70%) of 47 mothers who were abused were currently mistreating their children. Altogether 33 mistreated their children, of which 16 were clear cut abuse cases, 3 were being taken care of by someone other than the mother and 14 were providing borderline care (i. e. , were suspected of maltreating their child). In 1991, the United States Department of Justice reported approximately 31% of women in prison state that they had been abused as children. Approximately 95% of teenage prostitutes have been sexually abused. The affects of drugs and alcohol on the brain of an adolescent can be damaging and have long-term effects. Temperament, IQ, and the brains ability to process information are severely affected. This self-induced damage through drug and alcohol abuse certainly compounded the development of Wournos’ deviance. Because Wuornos not only lacked the familial support necessary to guide her through the traumatic experiences of her life and her disabilities, she learned – through modeled behavior – how to be a violent abuser. Application of the social control theory at it relates to crime causation in Aileen Wuornos case, incorporates the aspects of containment (internal factors which pull individuals away from deviant behavior) and neutralization (external factors which push individuals toward deviant behavior), can be applied. Wuornos lacked the sociological bonds necessary to develop internal factors (positive self-image, tolerance, ethics, self-motivation) which prevented her from her acting out her deviant behavior. Factors which aided in her participation in deviant behavior include physical abuse from her grandfather, the incestuous relationship with her brother, sexual promiscuity, and drug and alcohol abuse. These experiences directly contradicted the positive external factors necessary for Wuornos to pull away from her desire to exhibit deviant behavior. Aileen Wuornos did not have positive role models, community and familial support systems and strong moral values. Borderline Personality Disorder, or BPD, is defined as â€Å"pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, emotional adjustments, and marked impulsivity demonstrated in a variety of contexts†. Had the BPD been recognized by the Florida court system, Aileen Wuornos’ life could have been spared. She would have been labeled has mentally disabled, treated and counseled for the remainder of her life in prison. Although the cause of BPD is unknown, both environmental and genetic factors are thought to play a role in genetic predisposition. Studies reveal many (although not all) patients with the disorder report a history of abuse, neglect, or separation as young children. It is believed the disorder is caused by environmental stresses, neglect or abuse, and a series of triggers. . Neuroscience research is revealing the connection between the brain and its link to negative emotion, impulsivity, mood instability, aggression, and anger– all emotions and traits seen in people with BPD. Tests show that people â€Å"born† to exhibit spontaneous aggression have impaired brain function and that a small almond-shaped structure deep inside the brain regulates negative emotion. Under the influence of drugs, alcohol, or stress, studies show this might be more pronounced. Wuornos could have been medicated with serotonin, norepinephrine and acetylcholine to regulate her emotions, including sadness, anger, anxiety, and irritability. These â€Å"mood stabilizers† work much like medicines to manage high blood pressure or diabetes. According to Hirschi’s social control theory, Wuornos’ disability put her at a higher risk to become a substance abuser. When the four elements of social bonding (attachment, commitment, involvement and belief) are examined, the depth of neglect Wuornos experienced is clear. Sexual promiscuity degraded her image, and her incestuous relationship with her brother was common knowledge in her community. These factors would cause her ability to bond with healthy members of her community difficult if not impossible. Wuornos’ lack of self-motivation and self-esteem, as seen in her unwillingness or inability to successfully graduate from high school, her failed marriage, and her failed romantic relationships. She lived her life as though she believed she was useless and had nothing to lose. And lived her life as though she felt detached from the society in which she lived. The feelings of detachment would make her vulnerable to engage in illicit drug use and alcohol over-consumption. The element of involvement centers around the idle time Wuornos spent when she was not involved with some person or activity. As an uneducated, mentally disabled person already engaging in deviant behavior through prostitution, Aileen’s â€Å"idle time† was spent engaging in deviant behavior by drinking and using drugs. She did not practice convention in any aspect of her life, so the boundaries between her structured and idle lives were non-existent. Belief, or belief system, for Aileen Wuornos certainly did not exist by the time she was tried and imprisoned. However, the belief system (values and norms) of those around her who recognized she was disturbed were probably relaxed out of guilt, pity, or fear. The incidents which involved Wuornos attempting to stab her siblings without being removed from the home or counseled extensively is evidence of the lack of consistent standards which would have been necessary to curb Wuornos’ deviant behavior or prevent it from escalating to serial murderer later in life. Instead, concessions in the values and norms of those around Wuornos’ enabled her to continue to behave violently, run away, and return to start the cycle again. As the facts in this essay reveal, the life history of Aileen Carol Wuornos constituted a genetic predisposition to have a penchant for deviant behavior, however, her many years of neglect, abuse, untreated illness and lack of positive social relationships it was sealed her fate and pushed her to become a deviant serial killer. Her neglected mental health, drug abuse and progressed her social failures. Aileen Carol Wuornos was 46 on the day of her execution. References Alston, Reginald J. , Harley, Debra, Lenhoff, Karen (1995). Hirschis Social Control Theory: A Sociological Perspective on Drug Abuse among Persons with Disabilities. The Journal of Rehabilitation, Vol 61. Author Unknown (Date Unknown) Retrieved from the Web January 19, 2007, ahrens.tripod.com.

Quotation Marks The Right Way to Use Punctuation Inside of Quotes

Quotation Marks The Right Way to Use Punctuation Inside of Quotes Quotation marks ( ) are a beloved form of punctuation in the English language, used to indicate a verbatim report on what someone said, and used in a great deal of business writing. They are often misused. This article will explain some punctuation rules and clear up some misconceptions held by many about proper usage of quotation marks with other punctuation marks. When to Put Periods and Commas Inside Quotes – The United States In the United States, commas and periods ALWAYS go INSIDE the quotation marks, whether or not the comma is actually part of the quotation. Here are some examples from some recent discussions on LinkedIn. Don’t expect this rule to be logical: CORRECT (in US): E.g. stands for â€Å"exempli gratia.† CORRECT (in US): As for [the phrase] â€Å"graduating college,† I’m not sure when it became correct. INCORRECT (in US): You are my â€Å"go-to person†. INCORRECT (in US): I was unaware of the difference [between initialisms and acronyms] until I heard it on the NPR program â€Å"A Way With Words†. INCORRECT (in US): â€Å"Its† is the possessive form of â€Å"it†, and is rare among possessives†¦ When to Put Periods and Commas Inside Quotes – The UK Australia Leave logic to the Brits. In the UK and Australia, they keep punctuation inside the quotation marks only when it is part of the quotation. For example: CORRECT (in UK): I was unaware of the difference [between initialisms and acronyms] until I heard it on the NPR program â€Å"A Way With Words†. CORRECT (in UK): You are my â€Å"go-to person†. CORRECT (in UK): â€Å"Its† is the possessive form of â€Å"it†, and is rare among possessives†¦ INCORRECT (In UK): E.g. stands for â€Å"exempli gratia.† INCORRECT (in UK): As for [the phrase] â€Å"graduating college,† I’m not sure when it became correct. When the Period or Comma is Part of the Quotation If the punctuation mark is part of the quotation, always put it inside the quotation marks! INCORRECT (everywhere): It is written, Man does not live by bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God. CORRECT (everywhere): It is written, Man does not live by bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God. Punctuating Letter Names Some grammarians say we should use the logical way of punctuating in the case of letters. For example: The eighth letter of the alphabet is â€Å"h†. Name three words that start with an â€Å"e†, and three that start with a â€Å"k†. I prefer to avoid this issue by italicizing the names of letters: The eighth letter of the alphabet is h. Name three words that start with an e, and three that start with a k. Exclamation Points and Question Marks When it comes to exclamation points and question marks, we all get to be logical. If the quote is a question or exclamation, include the punctuation inside the quotation marks. If it’s not, don’t. She asked, â€Å"Which way is it to the theater?† Did she say, â€Å"I absolutely love the theater, darling†? I’m so excited to see â€Å"In the Heights†! I get chills every time I hear King Richard declare, â€Å"Off with his head!† Semicolons and Colons Here’s some more good news: We get to be logical with semicolons and colons too! The following items go in the bin labeled â€Å"Paper Recycling†: magazines, newspapers, envelopes, and clean cardboard. Put magazines, newspapers, and envelopes in the bin labeled â€Å"Paper Recycling†; do not put paper towels, tissues, or greasy pizza boxes in there! (It’s so much fun to sneak a public service announcement into a grammar blog!) What if Im Canadian? All bets are off (or on, as the case may be), in Canada. Do it the way you think your readers will expect you to do it, or the way your editor requires you to do it. As far as I can tell, you get to choose unless under prescription by someone else. There are many more subtleties to the use of quotation marks. If you have questions, ask The Essay Expert. I’m happy to provide my most educated answer. If youre not already on our Grammar Writing Tips e-list and youd like more tips like this, sign up here. 😀 Log in to Reply Marji Yablon says: February 10, 2010 at 6:58 pm Up until today, I never doubted that punctuation any punctuation that wasnt part of a quote should go outside the quotation marks. After reading your post, out of curiosity, I skimmed some of my published articles. In every one of them, that little habit of mine had been corrected, so that it all agreed with the rules as you have explained them. In any back-and-forth Id done with an editor, I had failed to notice that change or maybe it had come later. So, thanks. From now on, I can give them their punctuation correctly from the start. But perhaps some day, Ill write the original version of something for a British publication. Then, Ill be able to both BE correct and FEEL correct! Log in to Reply Laurie Price says: April 24, 2012 at 8:34 am Re: What if Im Canadian? There is something called mid-Atlantic style, which I think of as a euphemism for Canadian. I have Canadian clients who request that I use: The Economist Styleguide which includes your suggestions for quote marks (in fact, their section on quote marks is fairly extensive), and for spelling issues, The New Oxford Dictionary for Writers and Editors. My Canadian friends have verified this they spell analyze as analyse, and categorize as categorise, yet realize, memorize and finalize are spelled how we would spell them. Log in to Reply Mike says: March 20, 2013 at 1:44 pm Per British punctuation, are these correct? 1. I dont like his pithy sentence It is what it is. (Full stop outside?) 2. The sign said Keep off the Grass. (Full stop outside?) 3. I like the old adage A stitch in time saves nine. (Full stop outside?) 4. His email said, There will be a mandatory meeting on January 1, 2013 at Town Hall. Please be punctual. (Full stop outside?) 5. The signs Beware of dog, Swim at your own risk, Trespassers will be arrested and Shoplifters will be prosecuted were posted throughout the village. (Commas outside mid-sentence quotes?) Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: March 20, 2013 at 1:50 pm I believe the periods should be inside the quotation marks in #1, #3 and #4 since the periods are part of the quoted sentences. Log in to Reply Mike says: March 20, 2013 at 1:51 pm One more, please. Im thinking that No 2 below is correct with the ending punctuation like this (.) – the full stop inside both the double and single quote per British style. Am I right? If not, which is preferred and why? 1) Mike said, I heard Judith say, Im not interested in the management position. 2) Mike said, I heard Judith say, Im not interested in the management position. 3) Mike said, I heard Judith say, Im not interested in the management position. Thank you. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: March 20, 2013 at 2:22 pm Again, since the quoted sentences include periods, I would put the periods inside the quotation marks. I would choose #2: Mike said, I heard Judith say, Im not interested in the management position. In the United States, it would be: Mike said, I heard Judith say, Im not interested in the management position.' Log in to Reply Mike says: March 20, 2013 at 11:05 pm Thank you. Last questions on this. Again, per *British* style, would the commas separate the questions after the exclamation points and question marks? 1) Barry hated his wifes How much did you drink?, How late were you out? and Did you cheat on me? questions. 2) When she screamedGet the hell out of here!, the children got scared. 3) When he said, Be careful what you wish for, most people listened. (Comma outside the the single quote after the word for?) 4) I called his mother a purveyor of malicious quips. Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: March 21, 2013 at 12:43 am My best take on these: #1: I believe this sentence is correctly punctuated. #2: I dont think the comma is necessary here at all. #3: The comma here should be inside the quotation mark because it replaces the period. I know, its confusing. #4: Why are there two sets of quotation marks here? Log in to Reply Mike says: March 21, 2013 at 5:50 am Thank you. Log in to Reply Mike says: March 21, 2013 at 5:59 am In lieu of #4 (to more accurately depict the example), I believe this to be correct. Of course, I dont want to use italics here. Again, this is per BrE style. Im not sure whether I can define the word tergiversate. When they asked me to define the word tergiversate, I couldnt. (Comma outside of tergiversate mid-sentence as exampled?) Thats all I have on this subject. Youve been great, and I thank you for taking the time to answer my questions. Have a nice day! Log in to Reply The Essay Expert says: March 21, 2013 at 9:58 am In both these examples again I dont see the need for the double sets of quotation marks! Do you mean to ask about a sentence where someone said these things? He said, Im not sure whether I can define the word tergiversate. She complained, When they asked me to define the word tergiversate, I couldnt. Sometimes a better solution is to write the sentence in a different way so as to avoid these issues! For instance, He said that he was not sure whether he could define the word tergiversate. Log in to Reply Mike says: March 21, 2013 at 1:29 pm Yes. All I wanted to know was if somebody said it, would the sentence end as I had it – (.) Thank you for your time. Log in to Reply Avi Green says: May 29, 2018 at 1:59 pm Thank you! Log in to Reply Brenda Bernstein says: May 30, 2018 at 11:14 am Youre welcome, Avi! Log in to Reply